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Work measurement (IEM) part-2

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Topic includes


- time study equipment
- fatigue 
- work sampling 
- PMTS
- work factor
- method time measurement




Visit above link for part-1 

Time study equipment


- Timing Device

- Observation Sheet

- Time study Board

- Other equipment


Fatigue

It is related to constant amount of money, should pay for their work.

Work Sampling

It is a technique of getting facts about utilization of machines or human beings through a large number of instantaneous observations taken at random times intervals.

Steps are :

Define and describe the problem.
Design, estimate, decide, prepare for solving the problem.
Contact the person's person's to be concerned for the problem.
Make the observation for the random work.
Obtain and record other information.
Calculate the standard time per price .

Advantages..


No time measuring device are uses.
Require less time for calculation.
Many operators or activities which difficult are uneconomical, to measure by time study can readily be measured by work Sampling.

Disadvantages..


Not economical
It doesn't provide elemental time data 
No record us usually made of the method.


Work sampling 

Work sampling is the statistical technique used for determining the proportion of time spent by workers in various defined categories of activity (e.g. setting up a machine, assembling two parts, idle…etc.).It is as important as all other statistical techniques because it permits quick analysis, recognition, and  enhancement of job   responsibility , tasks, performance competencies, and organizational work flows. Other names used for it are 'activity sampling', 'occurrence sampling', and 'ratio delay study'.

In a work sampling study, a large number of observations are made of the workers over an extended period of time. For statistical accuracy, the observations must be taken at random times during the period of study, and the period must be representative of the types of activities performed by the subjects.

One important usage of the work sampling technique is the determination of the standard time for a manual manufacturing task.

Characteristics of work Sampling 


The study of work sampling has some general characteristics related to the work condition:

One of them is the sufficient time available to perform the study. A work sampling study usually requires a substantial period of time to complete. There must be enough time available (several weeks or more) to conduct the study.

Another characteristic is multiple workers. Work sampling is commonly used to study the activities of multiple workers rather than one worker.

The third characteristic is long cycle time. The job covered in the study has relatively a long cycle time

Steps or procedure 


There are several recommended steps when starting to prepare a work sampling study-

Define the manufacturing tasks for which the standard time be determined.

Define the task elements.
These are the defined broken-down steps of the task that will be observed during the study. Since a worker is going to be observed, additional categories will likely be included as well, such as "idle", "waiting for work", and "absent".

Design the study.
This includes designing the forms that will be used to record the observations, determining how many observations will be required, deciding on the number of days or shifts to be included in the study, scheduling the observations, and finally determining the number of observers needed.

Identify the observers who will do the sampling.

Start the study. All those who are affected by the study should be informed about it.

Make random visits to the plant and collect the observations.

After completing the study, analyze and present the results. This is done by preparing a report that summarizes and analyzes all data and making recommendations when required.

Applications


Work sampling was initially developed for determining time allocation among workers' tasks in manufacturing environments. However, the technique has also been applied more broadly to examine work in a number of different environments, such as healthcare and construction.More recently, in the academic fields of organization, physiology and organizational  behaviour, the basic technique has been developed into a detailed job analysis method for examining a range of different research questions.

Predetermined Motion Time and system (PMTS)


A predetermined motion time system (PMTS) is frequently used to perform Labor Minute Costing in order to set piece-rates, wage-rates and/or incentives in labour oriented industries by quantifying the amount of time required to perform specific tasks under certain defined conditions.

Today the PMTS is mainly used in work measurement for shorter cycles in labour oriented industries such as apparel and footwear.

One of such a system is known as "Work Factor" and more popular Methods-time measurement, (MTM) released in 1948 exist today in several variations and used in some commercial applications.

Work factor

Work factor is based on manual motion and mental process times arranged in that manner through which an appropriate time can be obtained for every manual motion likely to be encouraged in any work situation.

New legislation in developed markets following sustainability issues. Living Wage movement and the 2013 disaster in Rana Plaza, Bangladesh have brought labor costing and standards back to the focus of activists and global fashion retailers. Occupational safety and health (OSH, OHS), Ergonomics, Skills development and job satisfaction are some of the other factors influenced by Labor Standards Act (Japan).

Method time measurement

Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) is a predetermined motion time system that is used primarily in industrial settings to analyze the methods used to perform any manual operation or task and, as a product of that analysis, set the standard time in which a worker should complete that task.

MTM was released in 1948 and today exist in several variations, known as MTM-1, MTM-2, MTM-MEK and MTM-SAM
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Most of such industrial operations could be grouped into following ten motion:

1.Reach

2.Move

3.Turn

4.Apply Pressure

5.Grasp

6.Position

7.Release

8.Disengage

9.Eye Times (Travel and focus)

10.Body, Leg and foot Motion.

The use of motion time table

The motion is analysed and described in terms of body member, distance and number of work factors involved . Then reference is made to the Motion Time First according to the body member involved, then according to distance moved and finally according to the number of work factors involved. If no work factor appears in the motion analysis, the motion is basic and select time on the table is found in the column headed basic.

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